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All arthropods share distinct external characteristics.
These include an exoskeleton; a body with bilateral symmetry (body
divided into two equal sides); jointed appendages; segmented, regional
bodies (bodies divided into parts according to function); and
additional, specialized appendages. Specialized appendages improve
locomotion, feeding, defense and sensing. The arthropod's major classes
can be categorized by comparing the number of body segments, legs and
antennae.
Common Classes
There are five common classes of arthropods: Crustacea,
which includes crayfish lobsters and shrimp; Arachnida, which includes
spiders, ticks and scorpions; Insecta, which comprises insects; and
Chilopoda for centipedes and Diplopoda for millipedes.
Crustaceans
There are more than 30,000 species of crustacean.
Crustaceans are primarily aquatic and live in saltwater oceans and seas.
This class is defined as having two tagmata (body segments): the
cephalothorax (head and thorax) and abdomen. They have two pairs of
antennae, though one may be hard to see, and five pairs of legs. The
pair of leg appendages closest to the head will possess large claws.
Arachnida
These arthropods actually belong to an Arthropoda subclass
known as the Chelicerata. They are characterized by two body regions, an
abdomen and cephalothorax. Chelicerates have six pairs of appendages;
the foremost two pair are parts of the mouth and the remaining four
pairs are its legs. They do not possess antennae.
Insecta
This is the largest and most abundant form of life known.
There are more than 1 million species of insects that have been
scientifically quantified and named. The Insecta class insects have
three tagmata (head, thorax and abdomen) and one pair of antennae. They
have three pairs of legs, and many have either one or two pairs of
wings. The named species of insects number greater than all other known
and named animals.
Chilopoda and Dilopoda
Centipedes belong to the class Chilopoda and are elongated
and somewhat flattened. They usually try to find protected places to
live and hide, such as under loose soil or leaves, or in rotten logs.
Chilopoda will have two tagmata (head and trunk), one pair of antennae
and many appendages. The jaws of this class animal hold a poison with
which they paralyze their prey.
Diplopoda, the millipedes, have two tagmata also (head and trunk),
one pair of antennae and a segmented trunk with many legs. Millipedes
are usually cylindrical, although scientists recently have found and
named some Dilopoda species that are flattened in appearance.